高三历史复习资料:古代中国的经济

高三历史复习资料:古代中国的经济

  一、农业

  1.从刀耕火种到铁犁牛耕:

  ①原始社会时期:刀耕火种,反映了当时生产力水平的相对低下。

  ②商周时期:青铜农具出现,但由于青铜的昂贵,在农业生产中只是少量使用。

  ③春秋战国时期:牛耕技术开始运用,铁制工具出现.反映了这一时期生产力水平和农业生产技术的显著提高。

  ④西汉时期“铁制工具普遍使用,牛耕技术推广,二牛抬杠.

  ⑤东汉:使用一牛挽犁.⑥唐朝曲辕犁的出现标志着中国耕犁趋于完善。

  2.土地私有制的确立:

  确立:战国时期,商鞅变法以法律的形式确立土地私有制。

  3.小农经济的含义:

  ①以家庭生产、生活为单位,农业和家庭手工业相结合,是一种自给自足的自然经济。

  ②经营规模小,生产条件简陋,但却具有顽强的生命力,始终在中国封建社会占据主导地位。

  4.古代中国农业经济的基本特点:

  ①自给自足的小农经济,是中国封建社会农业生产的基本模式。

  ②以小农户个体经营为主,是古代中国农业经济的基本特点。

  ③小农经济以家庭为生产,生活单位,农业和家庭手工业相结合,在没有战乱和苛政、天灾干扰的情况下,男耕女织式的小农经济可以使农民勉强自给自足,中国古代的重大文明成就都是在农业经济发展的基础上取得的。

  ④但是小农经济狭小的生产规模和简单的分工,很难扩大再生产,阻碍了社会分工和交换经济的发展,到近代以后,成为阻碍生产发展的因素。

  二、手工业

  1.官营手工业:

  发展概况:夏商周时期,手工业由官府统一管理,直到明代前期,占据着古代手工业的主导地位。

  主要特征:主要生产军用品和供官府、贵族消费的生活用,生产规模大,分工细致,代表着古代生产技艺的最高水平

  2.纺织方面手工业生产的主要成就:

  ①原始社会:纺织业开始萌芽,原料主要是以麻和葛为主,但也出现了丝织业.中国是世界上最早养蚕织绸的国家。

  ②汉:远销海外,被称为丝国(开辟丝绸之路).

  ③唐朝:中期以后,私营作坊兴起

  ④宋元:棉纺织业兴起,元朝时松江成为全国的棉纺织业中心

  ⑤明:纺织业中出现了资本主义萌芽.苏州和杭州是丝织业的中心。

  3.冶金方面手工业生产的主要成就:

  ①新石器时代:已经出土了小件铜器

  ②夏商周:青铜铸造业进入繁荣时期,被称为青铜时代

  ③春秋战国:发明了冶炼生铁和钢的技术,出现了铁器

  ④汉:开始使用煤做燃料,供风形式发生革命性变化.

  ⑤东汉时期:太守杜诗发明了水排,借用水力作为动力鼓风.

  4.制瓷方面手工业生产的主要成就:

  ①原始社会:彩陶出现.

  ②商代中期到东汉晚期:陶发展过渡到瓷.商朝烧制出原始瓷器

  ③唐朝:釉陶制品的精品唐三彩,形成南青北白两大系统

  ④宋元:宋代的景德镇到元朝发展成为全国的制瓷中心,烧制出青花瓷器

  ⑤明清:景德镇成为瓷都,明中后期五彩瓷,清代珐琅彩

  5.古代中国手工业发展的特征:

  ①生产部门不断增加,并且劳动分工越来越细

  ②生产技术不断进步

  ③生产规模不断扩大,并且出现工场手工业

  ④官营、私营、家庭手工业三种经营形态并存

  ⑤经济重心南移与手工业生产布局成相应变化

  ⑥长期领先于世界,产品远销海外。

  三、商业

  1.市的形成与发展:

  ①秦:市有明确的法律规定,进行严格管理.

  ②汉:专门的管理机构,管理十分严格.

  ③六朝时:城镇之外形成了草市.政府对草市进行行政管理,设草市尉.

  ④唐朝时:草市形成了相对集中的商业中心,夜市也非常繁荣.

  ⑤宋:市突破了空间和时间的限制.商业活动不再受到官吏的直接监管

  ⑥明清:商业经济繁荣,商业区已经相当繁华。

  2.主要的商业城市与著名的商帮:

  商业城市:

  ①春秋战国时期:许多诸侯国的都城,成为著名的商业中心。如齐国的临淄.

  ②汉:长安、洛阳,邯郸,临淄,宛,成都

  ③隋唐:长安,洛阳,广陵(扬州),益州(成都)广州成为重要的对外贸易港口

  ④宋:开封和益州

  ⑤元朝:大都是繁华的商业大都市,杭州是南方最大的商业和手工业中心,泉州是对外贸易的重要港口。

  著名商帮:晋商和徽商

  3.古代中国商业发展的'特点:

  ①中国古代的商业发展以农业和手工业的发展为基础,受重农抑商政策的影响

  ②商业活动在很大程度上受官府的控制,特别是海上贸易基本上由官府垄断

  ③商业活动逐步突破了时间和空间上的限制

  ④城市商品经济发展较快,然后逐步渗透到农村,小农经济与商品经济联系日益密切。

  四、主要经济政策

  重农抑商:

  ①最早由战国时商鞅提出.

  ②基本含义:强调发展农耕,限制商业和手工业的发展,以农为本,商业被称为”末业“.这个政策是中国历代王朝最基本的经济政策.

  ③影响:

  积极:一定时期促进经济发展,保障了农业的发展和社会的稳定

  消极:明清时期阻碍了资本主义的萌芽

  海禁政策:

  ①基本含义:明太祖由于担心海上的敌对势力勾结倭寇,下令实行海禁。

  ②影响:妨碍了海外市场的开拓和资本的原始积累,阻碍了资本主义萌芽的滋长。堵塞了学习西方先进科学知识和生产知识的渠道,使中国落后于世界潮流。


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