数学建模资料

数学建模资料

  数学是人类对事物的抽象结构与模式进行严格描述的一种通用手段,可以应用于现实世界的任何问题,所有的数学对象本质上都是人为定义的。下面为大家带来了数学建模资料,欢迎大家参考!


  一、介绍

  本文重点分析了数学建模的特点,探讨了数学建模与计算机的之间的关系,并重点的阐述了数学建模在计算机专业中的应用。

  当需要从定量的角度分析和研究一个实际问题时,人们就要在深入调查研究、了解对象信息、做出简化假设、分析内在规律等工作的基础上,用数学的符号和语言,把它表述为数学式子,也就是数学模型。数学模型的建立常常既需要人们对现实问题深入细微的观察和分析,又需要人们灵活巧妙地利用各种数学知识。这种应用知识从实际课题中抽象、提炼出数学模型的过程就称为数学建模(MathematicalModeling)。

  二、数学建模的特点

  1、面向现实生活的应用,有相关的科研背景,综合性强,涉及面广,因素关系复杂,缺乏足够的规范性,难以套用传统成熟的解决手段,数据量庞大,可采取的算法也比较复杂,结果具有一定的弹性空间,需要一定的伴随条件,许多问题得到的只能是近似解。

  2、建模问题不同于理论研究,它重在对实际问题的处理,而不是深层次纯粹数学理论或者世界难题。

  3、数学建模与数学试验教学的重点是高等数学与现代数学的深层应

  用和面向问题的设计,而不是经典理论的深入研讨和系统论证。

  4、数学建模问题绝大部分来自一些具体科研课题或实际工程问题。

  三、数学建模与计算机的关系

  1

  数学建模与生活实际密切相关,所采集到的数据量多,而且比较复杂,比如长江水质的评价和预测,银行贷款和分期付款等,往往计算量大,需要借助于计算机才能快捷、简便地完成。数学建模竞赛与以往所说的那种数学竞赛(纯数学竞赛)不同,它要用到计算机,甚至离不开计算机,但却又不是纯粹的计算机竞赛,它涉及到物理、化学、生物、医学、电子、农业、军事、管理等各学科、各领域,但又不受任何一个具体的学科、领域的限制。

  数学建模过程需要经过模型假设、模型建立、模型求解、模型分析与检验、模型应用等几个步骤,在这些步骤中都伴随着计算机的使用。例如,模型求解时,需要上机计算、编制软件、绘制图形等,数学建模竞赛中打印机随时可能使用,同时,数学建模的学习对计算机能力的培养也起着极大推动作用。

  四、数学建模在计算机中的应用

  1、计算机的产生正是数学建模的产物

  20纪40年代,美国为了研究弹道导弹飞行轨迹的问题,迫切需要一种计算工具来代替人工计算,计算机在这样的背景下应运而生。计算机的产生与发展又极大地推动了数学建模活动,计算机高速的.运算能力,非常适合数学建模过程中的数值计算;它的大容量贮存能力以及网络通讯功能,使得数学建模过程中资料存贮、检索变得方便有效;它的多媒体化,使得数学建模中一些问题能在计算机上进行更为2

  逼真的模拟实验;它的智能化,能随时提醒、帮助我们进行数学模型求解。

  2、建模思维有利于人们在计算机方面的发展

  数学建模的目的是构建数学建模意识,培养学生创造性思维能力,在诸多的思维活动中,创新思维是最高层次的思维活动,是开拓性、创造性人才所必须具备的能力,培养创造性思维能力,主要应培养学生灵活运用基本理论解决实际问题的能力,在数学教学中培养学生的建模意识实质上是培养、发展学生的创造性思维能力,因为建模活动本身就是一项创造性的思维活动,它既具有一定的理论性,又具有较强的实践性,还要求思维的深刻性和灵活性,而且在建模活动过程中,能培养学生独立、自觉地运用所给问题的条件,寻求解决问题的最佳方法和途径,可以培养学生的想象能力、直觉思维、猜测、转换、构造等能力,而这些数学能力正是创造性思维所具有的最基本的特征,而这种创新思维可以让我们在软件开发方面有着过人之处。具有必备建模意识是我们更容易的学好计算机,更容易在用计算机处理问题时给我一个好的应变思路。

  3、建模促进计算机解决实际问题

  数学建模中所用的软件有通用数学软件,计算最优化问题的专业数学软件,统计分析软件,高级程序语言、绘图软件。通用数学软件主要包括有Matlab、Mathematica、Maple和Mathcad等,在能力和用法上,都比较相近,主要用于绘制已知函数的图形和进行计算,支持完全的符号运算、精确计算和任意精度的近似计算。它们都能对3

  数学中的微积分、解析几何、线性代数、微分方程、计算方法、概率统计等诸多领域的常见问题进行求解。计算最优化问题的专用数学软件有Lindo与Lingo,Lindo用于求解线性规划和二次规划,Lingo除了具有Lindo的全部功能外,还可以用于求解非线性规划,也可以用于一些线性和非线性方程组的求解以及代数方程求根等,二者都可以求解整数规划。统计分析软件有SPSS,SPSS名为社会学统计软件包,主要功能有:基本统计分析、定义表、比较平均数;一般线性模式;相关分析;回归分析、逻辑线性分析、聚类和判别分析、因子分析、非参数检验、时间序列、比例、多元反应等。高级程序语言种类较多,如C、C++、C#、Basic、Delphi和Java等。将一些图表加入附件可以为文章增色。数学软件只能绘制已知函数的图形,若是要绘制一个大致的图形,就必须使用绘图软件。可以使用几何画板、Photoshop、Flash等。近年来的数学建模竞赛几乎所有的竞赛题目都涉及大量的计算或逻辑运算,因此不掌握计算机和相关数学软件的使用是难以取得好成绩的;又由于竞赛题目来自不同的领域,事先又不了解,而利用Internet可以迅速查到相关资料,这也有助于在竞赛中取得好成绩,由此可见,计算机和数学建模之间具有密不可分的联系,两者的有机结合,有效的提高了高校学生灵活运用理论知识的能力、知识的迁移能力、实际应用能力以及分析问题和解决问题。建模进行对事件的处理,有利于计算机相关软件的开发。更待于我们采用什么新的方法更好解决软件的不足,这样就必须我们用计算机解决实际问题。


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