加涅的“教学过程九阶段”模型

三斗米 2024-10-21 14:54:48来自综合论坛 教育说 该用户来自 江西南昌

加涅的“教学过程九阶段”模型
对于讲师而言,经常需要重复讲授同一课程,为保证教学的内容、质量标准及效果,往往需要结合一些教学环节的设计技巧,对课程进行科学合理的规划。美国著名的教育心理学家罗伯特·加涅(Robert M. Gagné)认为,教学活动是一种旨在影响学习者内部心理过程的外部刺激,因此教学程序应当与学习活动中学习者的内部心理过程相吻合。据此,他把学习活动中学习者的心理活动进行了分解,通过将认知学习理论应用于教学过程研究,提出了一套教学设计的方法论 ——“教学过程九阶段”模型。
加涅的“教学过程九阶段”模型
教学阶段
目的
举例
引起注意
§ 激发学习者动机
§ 抛出问题
§ 创设情境
§ 使用名言
§ 提问
告知目标
§ 允许学习者建构知识
§ 陈述学习者将学到什么,如何应用知识
§ 示例
回忆原先知识
§ 阐释知识之间的联系
§ 提供帮助学习者学习和记忆
的框架
§ 引导学习者回忆相关知识
§ 提问
§ 讨论
呈现学习材料
§ 向学习者介绍新知识
§ 使用文本、表格、图片工作帮助
§ 将信息分块以增强记忆
§ 使用技巧吸引学习者
提供学习指导
§ 帮助长时记忆保持
§ 使用案例、例证、图表、记忆术、
类推法
诱发行为
§ 激发学习者反应
§ 允许求证
§ 重复增强记忆
§ 学习者应用知识和技能进行问题解决
§ 练习
§ 创建模拟产品
§ 进行展示
提供反馈
§ 提供反馈,告知正误
§ 分析学习者行为
§ 尽早纠正问题
§ 口头评论
§ 强化
评定行为
§ 评定掌握程度
§ 测试
§ 展示
§ 口头评价
增强记忆促进迁移
§ 学会应用知识和技能
§ 使用工作帮助
§ 在线支持
§ 同伴互助
§ 督导
美国教育家斯金纳(B. F. Skinner)曾说:“如果我们将学过的东西忘得一干二净时,最后剩下来的东西就是教育的本质了。”加涅的“教学过程九阶段”模型,研究了信息如何从在短时记忆感知到长时记忆加工的方法,提供了一个理想的教学次序,帮助学习者将言语信息的陈述性知识,转化为智慧技能和认知策略的程序性知识。
一、引起注意
引起注意是有效教学的首要事件,它是学习主动性、积极性的重要标志。引起注意除使用刺激变化、引起兴趣等方法,更主要的是利用新旧知识的同化和顺应机制,激发思维,唤起选择性知觉。讲师在做这一点的时候,一定要注意联系学习者的实际,而不是自己的实际或书本上的案例。
二、告知目标
教学过程开始告知目标的策略,其功能是激起学习者对新知识、新技能的期望,产生学习的内部动机。在教学过程中,很多讲师对教学目标的出示理解偏颇,不够重视。同时课堂上的学习者不明确目标的现象尤其严重,需要讲师能够明确目标。
三、刺激回忆先前习得性能
加涅指出,许多(也许有人认为所有的)新的学习归根结底是观念的联合。学习时,这些习得的性能如果成为学习活动的一部分,就必须具有高度可进入性。要确保它们的进入性,需要它们在新学习发生之前回忆出来。对于先前习得性能的回忆,可以通过一些再认性的或再现性的问题来引发。同时,回忆知识还是回忆方法,要根据新授的内容确定。
四、呈现刺激材料
当学习者做好准备时,讲师可以向学习者呈现教材。呈现方式取决于材料的内容。无论哪种情况,最有效的是具有突出特征的刺激。
五、提供学习指导
这个教学阶段的目的是促进语义编码,即使所学的东西进入长时记忆。因为学习结果的不同,其学习指导也各不相同。对于低级的学习活动,可采用复述策略,对于高级学习活动,就需要采用精加工策略和组织策略。
六、引发行为表现
这项教学阶段旨在促使学习者作出反应活动,以此来验证期望的学习过程是否发生,学习的结果是否达成。通常,这种行为是继学习之后首次进行的作业,在多数情况下,讲师接下来会呈现新的案例,以确保该规则能被应用到新的情境中。
对于属于程序性知识的学习策略,很难通过直接演示的方法教给学习者,因为它带有很高的概括性,应用时有很大的灵活性,须长期,反复训练才奏效,每个策略要反复使用。其掌握可采取这样的步骤:1、说明策略是什么,提供策略示范。如介绍成功人士的经验,如优秀学习者的实践经验;2、让学习者自己说出体验,在说的时候产生积极的倾向,有助于学习者应用。
七、提供反馈
在学习者作出反应、表现出行为后,应及时让学习者知道学习结果,这就是提供反馈。在许多情况下,这种反馈是自我提供的,但也需要外部提供。及时反馈,是讲师工作的一个重要细节,它给学习者施加的是一种影响,使学习者能够及时检查自己。否则,“破窗理论”就会使我们千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。
八、评价作业
当学习者表现了一次反映新的习得能力的行为,这还不能肯定他已掌握了这种能力,讲师应要求学习者进一步表现学业行为。评价在学习者的学习活动中,具有非常重要的地位,要想让学习者主动地做一件事情,首先就是要通过讲师的不断评价,使其获得成功。
九、促进记忆与迁移
   增进记忆的策略有很多,如采用有意义的方式习得知识,建立起知识的关系网络;同时要注意间时复习,间隔几天或几个星期之后进行复习,对于回忆所学内容大有好处。  
有效促进迁移,最好的方法就是为学习者提供各种各样的新任务,要求他们把所学知识运用到新的情境之中,从而促进更高层次的学习。利用迁移促进更高层次的学习(纵向迁移),其必要条件是使先前习得的信息处于准备状态。讲师为迁移而提出的问题,应该在把握学习者的先决能力是否具备的同时,还要使这些能力融入到工作记忆中来。促进学习者能力的横向迁移时,讲师应该为学习者提供应用技能的多种实例和情境。
“教学过程九阶段”模型以线性方式阐述,构成一个完整的教学过程。加涅特别指出,按照以上九个教学阶段的顺序展开实施的教学活动,最合乎逻辑且成功的可能性最大,但也并非一成不变。加涅由于受行为主义思想的影响,他依据信息加工模型提出的“教学过程九阶段”模型,强调的是通过外部刺激来激发学习,因此在实践中,“教学过程九阶段”模型偏重于“教”,即注重学习的外部条件的设计。
众所周知,在教学实践中,“教学有法而无定法”,加涅的“教学过程九阶段”模型只是为培训者提供一个参考和反思的依据,而在具体教学过程中需要我们灵活应用。
  加涅:生于1916年8月21日,2002年4月28日逝世,生于马萨诸塞州北安迪多佛,教学心理学家,最出名的是他的”学习条件”,参与教学理论在计算机学习设计中的应用.  

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