高考历史方法指导

一.什么是特征型历史试题?
特征(特点、特性、特色)有外在表现和内在实质,但一般是指内在实质。特征型历史试题,是指人们对个别或群体的历史事物进行理性化分析,归纳其个性形态,或找出它们之间本质上互相区别的主要之处。
二.特征型历史试题的主要类别
1.历史事件特征型:历史事件的特征常从时代背景、参与主体、引动方式、引动目的、引动结果、性质影响及终结性结论等方面与其它类似事件的区别之处进行归纳。
2.历史措施特征型:历史措施(政策)的特征主要从背景、目的、内容、结果、影响等角度分析。
3.历史阶段特征型:历史阶段的特征常从政治、经济、文化、民族关系、国际关系、生产关系等方面归纳。由于历史阶段时间长,其特征常具有变化性。
4.历史人物特征型:历史人物的特征常从时代、阶级属性、个性化活动与思想主张、历史地位等角度分析。
三.特征型历史试题的设问常用语
历史特征类设问一般含有以下词语:主要特点、新特点、时代特点、基本特点、共同特点、不同特点(各自特点)、共同特征、不同特征。
四.特征型历史试题的答题模板(答题思路)
1.答题模板一:从历史事物的要素角度看答题内容。回答历史特点类问题时,首先应明确问题涉及的主体是什么,然后根据材料中的信息及问题赋分的多少,决定是从某一方面还是从某几个方面思考并总结特点。一般来说,根据要素概括特点,可从以下几个方面考虑:
1)背景——某事件发生前是否产生了新的经济因素、阶级力量,是否采用特殊的方式作准备,是否受外部因素的影响等。如明清之际活跃的儒家思想形成的背景,与以往儒家思想产生和发展的背景相比,其特点是资本主义萌芽的产生。
2)时间——发生时间的早晚、经历时间的长短等方面。如英国资产阶级革命与法国大革命相比,具有爆发时间早、经历时间长的特点。
3)目的——为某个阶级或某部分人服务或具有多重目的等。如辛亥革命和太平天国运动同属旧民主主义革命,但从目的来说,辛亥革命具有新的特点(从经济上说,是为资本主义发展开辟道路;从政治上说,是要建立资产阶级统治,挽救民族危亡)。
4)过程——相关准备、发生的变化(领导力量、力量对比)、是顺利、最突出的地方、其中的重大事件等。如法国共和政体确立的过程与英国、美国政治制度的确立相比,就具有艰难曲折的特点(从1789年到1875年,共和势力与封建势力经历了近百年的斗争)。
5)内容(措施)——产生依据、体现某种思想、最突出的特点、包括的方面、侧重的方面、实行的办法等。如《资政新篇》的内容,最突出的特点就是体现了学习西方、发展资本主义的思想。
6)程度——完成或实现的情况、是不是彻底、局限性等。五四运动与辛亥革命相比
7)范围——包括地域、领域等。如19291933年资本主义世界经济危机与以往的危机相比,就具有范围广(波及地域广、涉及的经济部门多)的特点。
8)性质——是否具有时代特征、双重性质、性质发生变化等。如西班牙内战开始时属政府与叛乱势力的内战,后由于德国干涉而发展为反法西斯的民族解放战争。
9)影响——影响的广度、深度,积极影响和消极影响等。如中国共产党第十一届三中全会作出了把党和国家的工作重心转移到经济建设上来和实行改革开放的伟大决策,中国历史进入社会主义现代化建设新时期,会议的影响直至今天,并将继续影响中国,因此该会议具有影响深远的特点。
2.答题模板二:专项分析(多角度分析)
1)政治角度:可从政治制度和政策、政权的变更、中央与地方的关系、民族关系等方面考虑。
2)经济角度:可从经济政策、生产方式、生产力发展水平、经济繁荣状况(交通状况、城市发展、人民生活水平)等方面分析。
3)思想文化角度:思想方面的特点可从对人民的思想解放作用或对新生事物的阻碍作用方面思考;文化方面的特点要结合当时的政治和经济状况进行思考,如:批判了君主专制,揭露了封建制度的黑暗,赞扬了人们的反抗精神,是商品经济发展的反映。
3.答题模板三:从历史特点的角度看主要答题思路和内容
1)某一时期的特征。如明清时期的阶段特征,一般从政治、经济、科技、思想文化、民族关系、对外交往等方面归纳。
2)某一历史现象发展的阶段特点,可从技术发展、生产方式、组织形式、经济形态等方面进行概括。
3)某一历史事件自身具有的特点,可从原因、性质、过程、特殊性、结果、历史地位与影响等方面进行归纳。这类设问一般适用于重大革命、改革、思想运动等。
4)针对某一历史现象可利用材料信息,归纳其发展过程反应的特点。如综合材料信息说明该时期解决民生问题的突出特点、总结材料信息说明宋明时期儒学发展的特点等。

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