高中历史学习方法及考试技巧

高中历史学习方法及考试技巧
立志于学文科的高中生,从高一开始,应该注重哪些知识储备,应该培养怎样的思维,应该在考试中运用哪些技巧?高中历史学习方法及考试技巧给大家参考。
01学习历史有阶段性
等你上了高三你会发现,高三的历史学习和高一高二很不同,它是一个高度概括和整合,反复巩固的过程,这就要求你在高一高二有很扎实的基础和"历史基本功"。
我的观点是高一、高二阶段,不必苛求知识的深度,但要注重追求知识的广度。你会发现语文水平的高低和课外知识的丰富程度对历史学习有很大的影响,所以我建议 ,你多读一些课外历史书籍,注重古文能力和语感的培养,建立自己的一套历史观和世界观。这些东西对你的影响可能不会马上体现在分数上,但上了高三以后你会发 现它们太重要了。
02抓住课堂
要说实在的东西,课堂是很实在的。
我们文科和理科不同,很多聪明的理科生不听课是可以照样考好的,但是一个历史生如果不听课他一定什么成绩都别想拿到。 听课也有听课的方法,我认为课前预习是很重要的,你可以在预习的过程中把你理解的这一课的知识框架和系统大致构建出来,充分去领会书上每一个部分、每一个 框题是为了说明什么;然后在听课的过程中就可以有的放矢地在原有的基础上调整你的思路和框架,形成一份完整的听课笔记,课后再和参考书上的知识重点、知识 框架进行对比补充,拓展自己的思路。
03充分利用老师
每一个历史老师对历史应该都有自己深刻的理解,无论如何他们也是从高考走来的,多年从事历史教学,一定有独到的经验。你可以主动地和老师交流你对历史问题的观点,从老师的回应中吸取有教益的东西。
04史实问题和思维问题——两大关键
你会发现我们做历史题,做来做去无非就是考察两个问题:要么是史实,要么是思维。
史实问题通常就要考你的记忆来实现,比如说法国大革命什么时候爆发的,新文 化运动的代表人物是哪些,十一届三中全会的内容是什么,这些都是不容更改的史实,你必须非常熟悉和了解,这就是平时不断积累和记忆的过程。
记忆史实其实并不是什么痛苦的过程,最重要是对学习历史抱有激情和信念,你会发现一切都不难,就像你不会忘记家里的门牌号和好朋友的电话号码一样简单,你还可以编一些顺口溜来记忆史实,比如说我就是用"工程队"三个字来记忆中共一大的局限性的:"工-关注工人阶级,忽略了广大农民;程(城)-把城市作为重心,不符合中国国情;队(对)-斗争对象指向资产阶级是错误的"。
思维问题考察的是你对历史事件或人物的理解,比如说我们见到的"根本原因","主要原因","直接原因","导火索"这样的问题就属于考察思维的范畴。这些问题通常是选择题里比较难的部分,但其实也有一定的规律和方法。你会发现,一般来说,"根本原因"通常是经济基础(生产力发展)或者本质矛盾(阶级矛盾尖锐),一般来说根本原因都会"看起来"和该历史事件关系并不明显;"直接原因"通常是经过一步推理而不用深入分析就直接得到的原因,和事件的关联性非常强;"导火索"通常都是一个偶然性很大的事件,不是出于社会和历史发展必然,比如"五四"的导火索是巴黎和会外交失败,英国资产阶级革命的导火索是国王召开议会企图征税等等。"主要原因"是最难的,有时它是直接原因,有时是根本原因,这就要求你深入探究事物的内部逻辑,通过对比来决定在历史发展过程中哪一个因素才是对事情起决定性作用的。
思维的锻炼要靠大量做题和有效总结来实现,这一点也是积累的过程,上了高三以后老师也会经常给你一些提示,注意吸收,一定会有提高。
05掌握一套既定的分析处理问题的方法
历史学习里面其实有很多约定俗成的东西,很多概念我都可以用"三条"或"两条"来总结,比如说了解一个事件我们通常是从"背景(原因),内容(经过),影响和意义(结果)"来记忆,分析问题我们总是有"政治,经济,文化"三个维度来思考,分析背景时我们会分"国内环境,国际环境"来进行,评价意义时我们有"正面(积极)和负面(消极)"两个方面……诸如此类,举不胜举。
你在答大题时就会轻松地发现这些既定的思路可以迅速帮助你理解题目和入手分析,至于这些既定的方法你可以自己在学习中很容易地提炼出来,或者我建议你可以看<高中历史学考必备手册>(貌似是湖南大学出版的)最后一部分谈到的一些学习历史的思维和方法,都非常实在和具体!
很多同学可能会觉得历史很烦琐,细节很多,有没有什么主线可以把它们串起来?当然有!你可以适当地进行发散思维,把历史事件串成完整的知识体系(不受课本的限制),比如说把一整个时代的政治、经济和文化整合在一起进行全面理解和思考,这样一来你会发现你的历史知识非常有条理,不光可以从宏观上解答很大的问题,也可以随便拿出一个部分进行微观细致的分析,这就达到了很高的境界,可以说"绝学无忧"了。
比如说在我脑海里,整个历史是由中国史和外国史构成的,中国史里又分古代史、近代史和现代史,近代史分为旧民主主义革命时期和新民主主义革命时期;旧民主主义革命这一阶段整体由四次大型侵华战争(鸦片战争,二次鸦片战争,甲午战争,八国联军侵华)和三次中国人民的反抗(太平天国运动,义和团运动和辛亥革命)组成,期间经济方面的显著特点是自然经济开始阶梯,半殖民地半封建社会的经济形态形成以及民族资本主义的诞生和发展;思想文化方面出现了向西方学习的思潮(地主阶级抵抗派,地主阶级洋务派,资产阶级维新派,资产阶级革命派,激进的民主主义者)和实践(洋务运动,维新变法,三民主义,新文化运动),历经四次大型论战(洋务派与顽固派,维新派与守旧派,革命派与保皇派,问题与主义)……历史的每一个阶段都可以被我这样拿出来进行全面的分析和理解,再细到每一个事件和人物都是如此,所以这应该是你努力的目标和方向。

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