如何让初中教育不再薄弱?【独家】

zxygx2 2024-6-4 08:48:13来自综合论坛 教育说 该用户来自 南昌大学
初中教育的目标和愿景是什么?

今年教育部组织制定《国家教育发展“十三五”规划纲要》,中国教育学会初中教育专业委员会负责初中段纲要的制定,最后提出一个初中教育的愿景,实现三个“人人”。

第一,人人享受优质的初中教育。优质的初中教育是促进人发展和完善的教育,是为学生美好人生奠基的教育,是立德树人的教育,是让每个学生都成长、成人、成才的教育,初中教育要让每个孩子全面、丰富、个性地发展。

第二,人人享有公平的初中教育。学生人人享有教育平等的权利,期待公平;政府提供相对平等的教育机会和条件,过程公平;教育的成才机会和教育效果的相对均等,每个学生接受同等水平的初中教育后能达到最基本的质量标准,结果公平。

第三,人人享有快乐的初中生活。快乐的生活是这样的:学生有自主学习权,没有升学竞争压力,具有丰富的校园活动,生活美好和宁静、和谐与幸福。

实现这个愿景,三个关键:第一,要找出影响初中教育发展的关键因素;第二,要找到促进初中发展的关键促使和关键行动;第三,重构初中教育育人模式。


认识初中教育的战略地位

对初中教育的战略地位我们要形成一个国家共识,只要有了这个共识,才能确定它的地位,有了这个地位的确定我们才能真正去付出行动,去发展、提高。


初中教育是基础教育的重中之重

第一,初中是义务教育的关键,义务教育的质量是由初中教育质量决定的。

第二,初中课程门类基础包括中学的全部课程,高中只是初中的升华,没有初中的基础,高中课程也不能升华,因此没有初中质量也就没有高中质量,所以初中是基础教育的中心环境。

第三,初中是人一生发展最重要的时期。初中是学生成长发育的高峰期,是心理发育的乱流期,是少年向成人的过渡期,是从可塑到成型的短发期,是情感发展的脆弱期,是道德信念的关键期,是人生观、世界观形成的奠基期,是智力发展的重要期,是学业发展的分化期,也是升学竞争的困难期。初中是基础教育难度最大的时期,也是人生中最需要优质教育的时期。

初中教育是关系国家和民族生存发展的大问题

第一,初中生的素质决定民族的素质,因为初中毕业生涯进入两线分流,一部分进入社会成为劳动者,另一部分通过职高、普高再进入社会成为劳动者。初中毕业生决定社会劳动者的素质。

第二,初中教育质量一方面决定国民劳动者素质,一方面决定国家中、高级科研人员、社会管理人才的素质。这两个都关联着整个民族的生存发展。


建立初中教育的保证体系

有了国家共识以后,我们就会自觉的行动,我们要建立初中教育发展的三个保证体系:


国家级的保障体系

第一是建立初中教育的国家标准;第二是建立初中教育经费保证机制;第三是推进初中人事制度的创新,包括校长制度和教师制度。此外,推进初中的信息化建设,解决初中发展的短板。

省一级政府的保障体系

发挥省一级政府对初中发展重要的职能,以省为单位建立全省的师资经费编制体系,坚持全省统一最低的发展标准。

县级政府的保障体系

建立县区教育局长任职条件,让有教育情怀和懂教育的人任职。有人研究,县区一级的教育管理者有60%或80%的人都不懂教育,他们只能抓分数,这是影响初中教育发展的一个很重要的因素。


中国教育就解决三个问题,第一是解决人事问题,局长是什么人才标准,校长是什么人才标准,人事问题解决好了就解决了教育三分之一的问题;第二是解决评价的问题;第三是解决考试的问题。这三个问题解决好了对教育发展来说很重要。


重构初中教育的生态

目前初中教育生态很不好,校长的生态不好、教师的生态不好、学生的生态更不好,大家都感到紧张、有压力、郁闷、主要是表现在三个方面:校长缺乏办学积极性,教师缺乏教育积极性,学生缺乏学习积极性。


校长缺乏办学积极性

主要表现在两个方面:第一缺乏办学权,局长让他怎么办,他就怎么办,局长让他做什么,他就做什么。第二缺乏发展学校、提升老师积极性的操控手段。由于政府管得过多,很多地方的校长都是任命制,评价不科学,抓关系、抓稳定、抓安全、保帽子成为众多校长的出发点,办学缺乏主动性、创造性,没有梦想的校长已经成为初中教育的现状。

教师缺乏教学积极性

一方面因为铁饭碗大锅饭,老师普遍缺乏动力;一方面教师缺乏教学自主权、学校管理参与权;另外,还有单一的分数评价体系,所有这些这都影响了老师的积极性。

学生缺乏学习的积极性

学习负担重,没有学习的成功感,没有学习的快乐感。学生学习的快乐指数不高、幸福指数不高、健康指数不高。

初中教育生态的优化是一个系统工程,需要系统建构:


首先是加强国家对初中教育的统筹,主要是解决政府问题,解决初中科目太多、负担过重、学习生活压力比较大的问题。怎么解决呢?整合教材内容,建立课程标准,降低教学难度,扩大学生学习的自主权,扩大学生的学习空间。

第二是推进综合制度改革。现在的中考制度是地方化,很多地方的中考制度成了应试教育的帮凶,没有促进学校的素质教育发展。

第三是建立普通高中、特色高中和职业高中的分类招生制度,在区域内规划人文、科技、艺术、体育的特色高中校办,并实行单独自主招生。

第四是建立国家教育质量评价标准。

第五是重建政府与学校的关系。一是改革大一统的教育行政管理体制,全面推行管办评分离的教育行政管理体系,落实学校的办学权利;二是制定教育行政部门的权利清单和服务清单,把权利下放给学校,让校长依法自主管理。

第六是构建学校现代化的治理结构,推行现代学校制度,依法办学,自主管理,民主监督,社会参与,按照章程办学,推行扁平化的管理,提高管理效益,完善民主管理制度,建立一种干部、教师、学生、家长共同办学的格局。解放教师生产力,不断扩大教师教学自主,建立教师学术委员会制度,建立教师专业发展制度,建立学校教师民主参与管理机制,激活教师的活力。


重构初中育人模式

重构初中教育的战略地位是振兴初中教育的前提,重构初中教育发展的生态是振兴初中教育的基础,重构育人模式才是核心和关键。

目前,初中教育面临着三大基本矛盾:第一是不能满足人民群众日益增长的对初中优质教育的需求;第二是素质教育和应试教育之间的矛盾;第三是过重的课业负担对学生生理、心理带来难以承受的压力。所以初中教育必须要重构育人模式。

初中育人模式的重构,主要有四个方面:

第一是育人目标的重构,第二是课程的重构,第三是课堂的重构,第四是评价的重构。


要重构初中的育人目标

一是树立初中教育双基教育目标观,二是为高中教育打基础,为学生终身发展打基础。双基教育目标观的核心就是要为学生的终身发展打好正确的人生观的基础,打好良好的道德基础,打好适应社会的基础。建立以核心素养为中心的、培养学生全面发展的、新的教育质量观。构建中国初中学生核心素养的框架体系,使国家的体系学段化。

按照级度、梯度、维度、效度四个维度重构初中课程。

重构走向聚焦以育人为本、以学为本,聚焦思维的深度学习的课堂。

重构评价模式。对学科教学质量的评价要改变单一的考试评价模式为解决问题的评价模式,注重解决实际问题。


重构初中课堂

初中课堂应该有三个走向:走向聚焦以育人为本的课堂,走向聚焦以学为本的课堂,走向聚焦思维的深度学习的课堂。


第一,走向聚焦育人为本的课堂。我们的教育已经进入以核心素养引领教育发展的新的生态,我们的课堂必须体现核心素养。我提出三个观念:核心知识、核心能力、核心品质。我们初中的课堂应该聚焦核心知识、核心能力、核心品质。

第二,走向聚焦以学为本的课堂。我们的课堂应该聚焦学生,教学要以学习者为主体,让学习的事情发生在学习者的身上。我们课堂必须聚焦学生,让学生站在课堂的正中央。聚焦学生的学本课堂,我提出两个模式:一是以培养创新精神为核心,凸显学生学习实践活动,有效表达自己的理解和认识,培养创新精神;二是在整个课程教学过程中,应包括三个阶段:通过学、看、听学习;通过习、练来用;通过事而悟见。

第三,走向聚焦思维的深度学习的课堂。无论是知识的学习、能力的发展还是思维品质的培养,都要通过学生具体的思维活动实现,离开思维就无所谓学科能力,所以必须聚焦思维。聚焦思维的课堂应该有三个度:深度、高度、宽度。




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