高考历史复习备考:非选择题的规范成文表述

三斗米 2024-9-18 09:58:49来自综合论坛 教育说 该用户来自 江西南昌
本帖最后由 三斗米 于 2024-9-18 10:03 编辑

高考历史复习备考:非选择题的规范成文表述

依据多年的高三教学经验,发现在各类考试中存在一种情况,即学生面对非选择题能找到答题思路,也能获取到材料有效信息,却无法运用恰当的文字准确表达出来,直接影响得分率。
针对这种状况,不断研读高考真题,并进行了反复思考,同时结合高三日常复习实际,进行了一些教学实践探索。
一、普遍存在的问题
从成文表述角度看,学生常见的问题主要有以下几方面:一是无法对材料信息整合加工,存在严重的照抄照搬现象;二是运用所学知识表述,落点不够准确,精准性不足;三是文字表述冗长,精炼性严重欠缺。前两种情况直接影响答题实效,第三种情况则会导致大大浪费学生的宝贵时间,最终影响考试成绩。
面对上述问题,许多教师往往归因于学生的各种相关能力薄弱,如阅读能力差、概括能力差、文字表达能力差等。不可否认,这些归因都有依据,也具有一定的合理性。然而在笔者看来,问题反映在试卷上,但其根源却在日常。日常教学中教师是否有意识地引导学生关注成文表述,是否真实地开展规范成文表述的教学实践才是问题的关键。

二、教学示范应对举隅
教学中,对学生成文表述的关注不是停留在语言提醒同学们要注意书面表达,这种提醒其实效果并不明显。
究其原因,多数学生并不真正了解如何规范成文表述。至少就这一话题而言,学生对题目的学习行为是无头绪的。因此,需要教师不断地进行示范。在高三复习教学中,笔者以2021 年全国乙卷 41 题(以下简称为本题)为例,给学生渗透、讲解文字的规范表达。

(一)在展示与对比中引导学生规范表述
本题第二小题题目如下:根据材料并结合所学知识,分别说明《历史》与《史记》产生的历史背景。
针对该问题,笔者通过展示与对比强化学生对规范成文表述的基础性认识。首先,在不告知学生答案来源的情况下,向学生分别展示教师自己的作答与教育部考试中心发布的参考答案(以下简称为官方答案),向学生阐述每个要点表述的理由,即为何要使用某个关键词,并要求学生从文字表述方面找寻两种作答的异同。在此过程中,教师进行必要的点拨与总结:文字表述不必拘泥和追求一致性,官方答案也只是一种参考依据,它具有规范性特点,可以起到良好的示范作用。
在此需要做出说明的是,之所以没有明确告知学生两份答案的来源,目的在于尽量避免学生以先入为主的思想,带着有色眼镜来分析认识答案的文字表述,也便于学生通过自主探究真实地发现问题,找到规范文字表述的某些共性。
通过展示与对比,让学生进一步明白规范的文字表述究竟规范在何处。一是术语的规范使用。术语从狭义上看就是学科常用专有名词,是较规范的书面表达用语,其来源广泛,可以源自教材或学科专业书籍等。对术语的使用让作答更有学科味,更能体现和回归学科本真。二是概括性。答案表述往往是复杂历史事物表象的浓缩表达,是带有一定抽象性的叙述,糅合了材料与所学知识。三是文字的去文学性。历史学科的文字表述平实、通俗,无须文学性语言描绘,更不需要各类修辞手法的润色。

(二)在文字转换中引导学生准确表述
文字转换虽非一日之功,但在高三教学中,特别是习题评讲中,教师若没有引起足够的重视,那么学生无论是面对选择题还是非选择题都有可能因文字、词语等因素出现不必要的失分。为此,笔者主要从两方面引导学生领会文字转换的要领。
首先,材料语言向答案语言的转换。如本题的第 1 小问,题目要求如下:根据材料并结合所学知识,概括希罗多德与司马迁作为伟大历史学家的共同之处。笔者将官方答案呈现给学生,由学生讨论、解释答案或答案中的关键词与材料语句或关键语的关系,尽可能做到对号入座。当然,这种带有还原性意味的文字转换对于中等及以上的学生而言难度不大。
其次,参考答案文字表述的替换。仍以本小题为例,笔者向学生布置任务:思考答案中的历史学家的使命感”“开阔的视野”“自主的实地查访与史料调查精神要点还可以如何表述。有学生针对第一个要点提出用史学家的职业素养”“史学家的责任担当”“史学家的职责”“史学家的职业道德进行替换。也有学生针对开阔的视野这一要点,提出广阔的地域视野”“具备一定的世界视野”“眼界开阔等进行替换。对此,教师需要引导学生回到材料进行文字表述优劣的对比分析。比对中提示学生注意新替换的词语是否改变了材料原有信息的语义和表达范围。
之所以要求学生结合材料对比,意在强调具体语境只有通过对特定语境的分析,才有可能对文字表述替换的准确、科学、合理与否形成正确的认识,真正体会到规范成文中的用语精准性要求。
事实上,这种做法兼具另一层意义,即在一定程度上还原了阅卷过程,间接地与学生分享了常规阅卷中的基础性要求与关注点 , 便于从阅卷终端逆向规范要求学生文字表述。
总之,文字表述替换应本着事物指向一致,逻辑严谨,不随意使用限定性词语改变材料或答案内涵与外延的原则。

(三)在观察参考答案文字表述形式中引导学生凝练语句
文字表述冗长是学生答题常见的问题。在学生的认知中,总认为多写多得分”“多写才能将意思表达清楚。显然,学生曲解了不重复表义前提下,多写要点的一般性答题原则,这反映了学生某种程度的心理自我安慰与考试不自信心态。表述冗长的原因,除了学生文字驾驭能力不足,更是因为自身没有养成研习参考答案的习惯。仍以本题为例,由于前两问问法十分常规,据此,笔者要求学生观察常规设问下对应答案的文字表述形式的结论。在教师提示与学生讨论下,得出答案表述均不是完整句式,而是以短语结构或词组形式构成。显然,这个发现至少提醒学生作答时文字表述应该具有何种形式结构。
其次,展示学生的答案, 探讨语句压缩与整合方法。回答第二问《史记》产生的背景,有学生作了如下表述:君主专制中央集权进一步加强”“国家实现大一统”“社会经济繁荣,国力强大,汉朝进入鼎盛时期”“丝绸之路畅通,中外经济文化交流频繁”“传统儒家思想成为正统思想”“前代大量史书的铺垫”“充分利用汉朝及以前丰富的文献档案资料”“司马迁个人游历与实地访问经历。笔者要求学生暂且不谈以上答案内容正确与否,试着找出其文字表述中的冗余之处,并提出修改建议。该要求旨在培养学生规范文字表述的意识,并以此逐渐认识到规范表述的重要性。学生各抒己见,有的提出前两个要点都是从政治角度展开,可以合并;有的认为第三个要点可以整合为汉朝全面繁荣,处于盛世;有的认为第五个要点中思想二字重复,可以改为儒家思想处于正统地位;还有学生觉得最后一个要点语句表述不清,建议改为司马迁游历察访等。学生对文字的修改建议有一定的合理性,在智慧众筹基础上开始逐渐摸索出了一些解决文字表述冗长的基本方法。
最后,结合官方答案提炼、总结出凝练的语句,精炼了表述的基本方法与原则。在不改变材料语义前提下,去掉重复词语,减少部分助词等辅助性词语;在不影响正常语义表达和阅卷人判阅试卷的前提下,减少可能带来语义重叠累赘的词语。

三、长期坚守方可见效
当然,文字规范表述的养成并不在一朝一夕,更不可能通过一两个高考真题的钻研就能实现,师生在课堂上的共研只是通过示范给学生提供一种思考方向,尽可能帮助学生找到问题的突破口与解决途径,更重要的是教师在日常教学中有意识地规范引导。为此笔者认为还可以从以下几个方面长期坚持改进。
第一,复习课中运用材料教学设问,要求学生使用规范语言回答,及时纠正学生语言不规范行为,为文言一致做好铺垫。因为学生在课堂答问中带有较明显的口语化色彩,甚至带有诸如这个”“那个”“前面”“后面等口头禅,长此以往容易造成语言思维与文字思维分离,不利于文字表述规范。
第二,教师以身作则,锤炼课堂教学语言。教学中针对重难点知识的复习,知识间的逻辑架构,习题评讲等,为保证学生真正理解,教师一般采用深入浅出的方式,但往往忽略了自我语言组织,造成不良示范,无形中影响了学生的语言乃至文字表述,导致学生陷入了想得出,不会写的窘境。
第三,注重积累历史学科答题术语。正如前文所述,历史学科答案中的核心语句一般是由学科术语构成的。从高三学生日常学习与生活轨迹看,教材文本表述、新闻、具有较强权威性或选拔性考试试题的材料、选项与答案都是学科常用术语的重要源头。然而,学生在实际学习中主要将目光聚焦于教材、教辅或笔记,难有余光顾及他处,这显然是不够的。
第四,鼓励学生勤动笔,在研究中模仿,在模仿中研究,直至内化提高。长期采用以上措施,培养学生非选择题的规范成文表述,能够有效提高学生答题的能力,避免由于表述不清而失分。




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